KIM-1, IGFBP7, Galectin 3 and GDF-15: Updates on biomarkers in heart failure (HF) patients

Meijers WC et al. Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides: review from the Biomarker Study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail. 2021 Oct;23(10):1610-1632.

Authors focus on non-cardiac markers procalcitonin, NGAL, KIM-1, IGFBP-7, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146), neprilysin, adrenomedullin (ADM), and also discuss proteomics and genetic-based risk scores. Among these parameters in HF patients, KIM-1 was  proposed to differentiate between AKI and acute tubular necrosis, and Galectin-3 was used for the assessment of a risk for new-onset HF and all-cause mortality in patients with HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction).